1. food chain / food web
   • producers
   • primary consumers
   • secondary consumers
   • decomposers
2. herbivore, carnivore, omnivore

1. broadleaf vs. needleleaf
2. evergreens vs. deciduous
3. softwood (gymnosperms = needleleaf)
   vs.
   hardwood (angiosperms = deciduous)
4. perennial vs. annual

II.   CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

A.   Ecosystems

B.   Biomes

1. biome controls
   • climate (wind: Hawaii ... wind: top of ridge)
   • soil
   • topography: aspect ... timberline (Flagstaff)
   • wildfire: 2011 Wallow fire ... #2
     • Is too much fuel? Poor forestry practices?
     • ... or maybe beetle infestation?
     • serotinous cones (e.g. Lodgepole and Jack Pine)
2. specific biomes
   • rainforest
     • selva (rainforest)
       from http://www.rainforesteducation.com/ForKids/rflarge.JPG
       • double canopy structure
       • forest floor
     • jungle (...another picture)
   • savanna
   • desert
     ... another example
   • Mediterranean (closer)
   • tundra
   • midlatitude grassland (prairie 1 or 2 vs. steppe)
   • midlatitude forest (or this one)
   • boreal forest or taiga ... or this photo

III.   SUCCESSION, DISTRIBUTION, MIGRATION

A.   General Associations and Adaptations

1. associations
   • thickness or coloring of fur / skin?
     ... teeth... beak ... claws
     ... camouflage 1 ... 2 ... 3
     ... function
   • hibernation -- why?
   • where does it grow/live?
2. xerophytic (or this one) vs. hygrophytic vs. hydrophytic
3. mammals: ungulates, marsupials , monotremes ... or this monotreme
4. amphibians

C.   Succession / Regeneration (2nd diagram) (photo) (another example)

1. pattern
2. how long does it take? Yellowstone, 25 years later -or- a saguaro

1. What is sustainability?
   • "the ability of something to maintain or 'sustain' itself over time"
   • ASU: "...sustainability really can be applied to almost anything in life."
   • ASU 3 "pillars" of sustainability:
     • something that is sustainable is beneficial to us and our communities: – People
     • it is good for the environment: – Planet
     • it makes economic sense: – Profit
   • example: if environmental policies kill your economy and people suffer = NOT sustainable practice
   • "False greening": alt energy and enviro groups exposed?
   • CO₂ actually good--greening Earth: NASA / Nature ... then Sci American gloom?? ... but greening confirmed
2. Not actually supported by science?
   • GMO/GE is safe / Cornell U / Nobel Laureates / Purdue Univ / how many more do you need?
   • organic foods: Stanford / Harvard / and here / a review ...
   • artificial sweeteners?   (The Sweetener Book) / Cancer? NO! / scare tactics... again!
   • ...and... pick your health/food topic/issue...results are the same...
   • Consequences? Iron / Salt / Cholesterol / etc.
   • Truth? Marketing 101 (and lots of money from organic and environmentalist groups)
   • Sound familiar? Time travel dietician
3. Parts per million? / ...per billion? / ...per trillion? (ppt pool comparison)
4. Correlation is NOT Causation!
5. food production ("staple food")
   • sugar cane?
   • edible plants
   • energy input vs. energy gained

BIOSPHERE / SOIL CHAPTERS ----->

Biosphere

Soils