A. Plasticity and Isostacy

B. Continental Drift

1. Alfred Wegener
2. Pangaea (animation)

1. adiabatic heating/cooling revisited (video)
2. different plate boundaries
   • divergence/seafloor spreading or convergence/subduction (animation)
   • transcurrent / horizontal slip: San Andreas Fault (animation of movement)

II.   DIASTROPHISM

A. Folding

1. animation of the process
   • most visible in sedimentary rocks or this example or complex folds
2. Appalachian Mountains (closer) (aerial)
3. anticline vs. syncline (example #2) (both side-by-side)

1. the process (video explanation)
2. earthquakes (real-time: world) (AZ quake history)
   • epicenter vs. hypocenter (focus)
3. upthrown / downthrown (Alaska 1) (2) (3) (4) and strike-slip
   • fault offset: example 1   example 2   example 3   (China)
   • bridge collapse: Loma Prieta, 1989 ... Kobe, 2004, Kobe #2
4. horst vs. graben
   • horst vs. graben: satellite view / surface view
5. block fault mountains (video) (photo)
6. rift valleys (Africa)
7. liquefaction / #1 / #2 / #3 (movie demo) (Japan 2011) (New Zealand 2011)
8. tsunamis ... visible in pool
   • Japan, 2011 video / #2 / #3 / before and after
   • Indonesia 2004: animation demo ... global effects

III.   VULCANISM

A. Lava vs. Magma; (lava flow video)

• AZ lava flow
• pyroclastic flow (video) (#2) (#3) (#4)
  • lahar
  • aftermath   Eroding through an old flow... / Mt Rainier and Seattle

1. shape (Hood, Adams, Baker, Shasta,...)
   * Cascade volcanoes map
2. types
   • shield: Iceland, Mauna Kea, and Mauna Loa ... video
   • cinder cone / Flagstaff / Paricutin, Mexico
   • stratovolcano/composite
     • St. Helens ... and a video ... (2nd video)
     • Pinatubo video (also 6:39)
     • Mt Sukurajima
     • Tonga blast
3. super volcanoes
   • Yellowstone: photo / video / magma chamber / possible effect
   • hot spot: map / Yellowstone / Hawaii
4. active vs. dormant vs. extinct ("unlikely to erupt again"?)
   • Bezymianny - thought extinct until 1956 eruption
   • Udina - thought extinct until 2019 activity
   • Others, too? Romania?     Rome?
5. Pacific Rim or "Ring of Fire"

1. caldera: process / Crater Lake / Alaska example
2. volcanic necks: Ship Rock , Devil's Tower, and Agathla Peak, AZ
3. volcanic dike: close up / another dike example / drone video
4. batholith (Sierra Nevada) vs. laccolith: LaSal Mtns / Abajo Mtns / Ute Mtn / Navajo Mountain
5. Olympus Mons ... comparison

LITHOSPHERE, TECTONICS, PROCESSES CHAPTERS ----->

Geomorphology

Tectonics

Weathering