1. Definiton
2. Types
   • cold
     
     • symbol:
     • characteristics
   • warm
     
     • symbol:
     • characteristics
   • occluded
     
     • symbol:
   • stationary
     
     • symbol:
   • diagram / current front map

1. characteristics / life cycle: animated diagram ... satellite view
2. radar map (current radar)
3. multiple storms

A.   Stages of development

1. tropical disturbance (easterly wave?)
2. tropical depression (sustained winds of 23-39 mph)
3. tropical storm (sustained winds of 40-74 mph)
4. hurricane (sustained winds > 74 mph)

C. landfall and Saffir-Simpson scale

D.   Storm surge / video / video 2

E.   Geography, Distribution, Season, Climatology

1. steering = STH
   • crossover storms ... other storm tracks
2. hurricane season: Atlantic / E Pacific
   • most recent: Atlantic   /   E Pacific   /   W Pacific
   • also: N Indian Ocean   /   S Indian Ocean   /   Australia   /   S Pacific
3. geography/distribution and frequency
   • distribution in the world (1842 - 2020)
   • avg # by region
   • distribution / frequency in the U.S.
4. climatology: global changes through time?
   (Impact of satellite and population increase)
   • global hurricane frequency (major hurricanes,   accum. cyclone energy [ACE])
   • N vs. S hemisphere
   • in the Atlantic (actual data or condensed) (Atlantic ACE -- it's related to ocean chgs...)
   • E Pacific
   • W Pacific (typhoons+trop storms)   just typhoons   just SUPER typhoons
   • ...in Australia
5. Atlantic / E Pacific names ... (worldwide)

A.   Lightning >> shockwave >> thunder

1. super slow motion ... #2 ... #3
2. STAY AWAY FROM TREES! (video / video 2 / video 3)
   • 2019 PGA tournament / ...and in Arizona
3. warning signs! ... and here ... and here
4. Types: CG / CC / IC / ribbon / spider (video)
5. 477 mi long / 17.102 seconds
6. lightning strikes during AZ monsoon

1. cumulus -- updrafts
2. mature -- updrafts and downdrafts (time lapse)
3. dissipating = downdrafts (video)

D.   Microburst winds (animation) (video, video 2)

1. gust front
2. dust storm (July 5, 2011)... video 1 / video 2
3. virga

1. supercell (time lapse) (satellite time-lapse)
2. hail ... or this one (July 2010, in SD)
3. Mesoscale Convective Complex (MCC) / (animation)
   • ...over Arizona (Aug 2024)
4. distribution and climatology
   • thunderstorms
     • world = equator
     • U.S. = Florida (fatalities)
     • avg. microburst days
   • hail -- avg. # hail days (FEMA hail risk map, by *county*)

A.   Basic definition and characteristics

1. extreme low pressure vortex... video: funnel forming
2. form in SW quadrant of thunderstorm
3. videos
   • tornado power
   • vs. house: #1 ... #2
   • versus: train ... tractor trailers ... truck too close
   • Are you paying attention? (0:47)
   • tornado destruction animation (from The Weather Channel)
   • fire tornadoes

1. Funnel Cloud ... ... and another
2. waterspouts ... image #2
3. dust devils (video: 1:40-2:20) (on Mars?)

1. global distribution
2. seasonally - late afternoon in May
3. geographically - where in the U.S.? / "Tornado Alley"
4. annual average by state .... average by land area
5. trend: total number of tornadoes
   • But this chart is buried on their website!
   • ...as is this one: F3-F5 tornadoes

1. 148 in 18 hours? ... or April 27, 2011 200+? (map #2)
2. deadliest U.S. tornadoes... notice the years? (trend?)
3. Arizona Tornadoes?

ATMOSPHERE CHAPTERS ----->

Atmosphere

Energy

Pressure

Oceans

Moisture

Storms