Global Warming

Introduction -->	Intro./Maps
Meteorology -->	Atmosphere/Temperature	Pressure/Wind	Moisture/storms
Climatology -->	Climatology	Climate Reconstruction Change & Warming	Applied Climatology

CLIMATOLOGY CHAPTERS ----->

Regional

Climates

Reconstruction

Change

Warming

Global Warming

I. POLLUTION

A. Definition & Types

what constitutes a pollutant? pure? impure?

only anthropogenic?
is all anthropogenic “waste” contaminating?
Dihydrogen Monoxide (DHMO)? (PPT) information

CO₂, CO, SO₂, VOCs (source?), NO₂, NO, particulates, ...

B. Sources of Pollutants

anthropogenic
- cars, trucks, factories, fireplaces, etc.
- forest fires: Calif. / AZ - satellite view
- Careful! ... is this pollution? / or this one? / media deception is common
natural
- BIG source: Philippines / Alaska / Chile / Mexico / Indonesia / Japan / Mauna Loa, Hawaii
  - And many, many more all over the world!
- source of... SO₂ ... and dust
- Whose dust is it?
  - Asian crossing the Pacific: photo ... map (Elevated CO readings, too!)
  - Saharan crossing the Atlantic: animation of 2020 event

C. Meteorology & Pollution

wind and stability: vertical = unstable / inversions = stagnation / wind shear / diagram
- rain?
- What about Asian and African dust?
Topography - zoomed

D. Global Warming? Urban Heat Island?

What is the evidence?
pollution related?
maybe it's not humans!
- sheep burps? cow burps? cow farts? dinosaurs??
- guilty!

II. GLOBAL WARMING

A. Is it warming?

Short term? A little. (note vertical scale)
long-term? No!
1998 = the warmest year in 1000 years!
- Actually, it wasn't ... unless you adjust temps!
- graph: raw thermometer vs. adjustments
- South America "adjusted", too / and Australia / Australia erasing cold temps??
- Also happened to be a big El Nino year
- actual temperatures vs. IPCC predictions
Are winters warmer?
- No! several recent winters with record cold
- U.S. Headlines
- 2017-18: Russia / April 18
- winters more extreme?
- But it has to be warmer somewhere...or not: winter regional detail / summer regional detail / annual regional detail
- Urban heat island signal? (lows warmer; highs not)
  - Temps rising... cause?
  - Research: paper #1: "important impacts" / paper #2: same message
Annual avg temps show warming, right? (1895-2011)
- 1945-1978 ... 1978-1996 ... 1996-2011... -OR- 1996-2011 ADJUSTED
But the Arctic is melting away, right?
- over estimated?
- Himalayas melting?
  - 0.2% ice loss over 10 years
  - 87% of Himalayan glaciers = NO CHANGE
  - 12% retreated and 1% ADVANCED
- Evidence that Greenland was ice-free in the past? / and here / Journal Nature / more research proof
  - Proof the past was warmer than today
- Moss found under Canadian glacier?
- similar findings in Antarctica
  - Proof it was warmer than today 1000 years ago
- Sign of an impending ice age!
thermohaline circulation is changing?

B. Data and Science Integrity?

poor understanding of science?
- ocean salinity
- Are current CO₂ levels unusual?
  - ... but CO₂ levels today are concerning, right?
- Arctic ice all back... and it wasn't global warming?
  - Arctic melted in 1922
  - wind causing ice loss, not temperature / Canada EPA map
  - Arctic Temps graph ... PDO graph
  - But the Antarctic IS melting, right? / current
    - recent ice loss? Purely NATURAL: research 1 / research 2
- volcanoes actually causing Antarctic ice melt: 1 / 2 / 3 / 4
- Mars is warming ...and... other planets, too?? and here, too
- Are polar bears dying out?
- Landslides emit CO₂? (note: para. 3 -- hurricanes, too)
- Is weather becoming more extreme?
  - hurricanes: frequency? stronger?
    - problem not climate but pop growth along coast
  - tornadoes: number?stronger?
  - floods: literature review: no trend -and- 20th century: no trend found
  - drought? 60 yrs = no trend
  - wildfires? no trend or decreasing / 2000 years = decreasing / decreasing
- sea level rising: since 1990s / since 1900 vs. 20,000 years
  - Cape Cod, MA - 1822 vs. 2024
  - Provincetown, MA - 1836 vs. 2024
  - Islands disappearing? No! (2021 research)
    70% of islands studied increased in size
    "...no published evidence exists of pervasive erosion
    of atoll islands at a global scale."
  - East Coast sinking (not sea level rising)
- IPCC projections
- ignoring evidence?
- what has global warming caused?
major data issues
- Actual temperatures compared to IPCC projections
- loss of 1000s of stations / animated map / longer time frame
- impact on temperatures? NASA graphs
- NASA interpolates/extrapolates warm temps in Arctic*
  - *Take existing temp data from one station and simply
  - extend that same temp over many 100s of kilometers radius.
- station location = skews temperature readings!
  - peer reviewed research paper / paper confirming problems
Manipulation/Misrepresentation of data?
- more snow, or different methods?
- temperature adjustments?
- Weather stations not included in datasets? Why?
- New dataset released in 2011: "BEST"
  - serious data errors
  - paper this data came from was refused publication twice: went to media instead!
Distortion of science?? (Schneider) (Hansen) ("emotionalize" the science??)
power of visuals : sea level is rising / polar bears about to drown
On what evidence do we base our conclusions?
- global warming melts street lights (actually a dumpster fire did that)
- evidence of global warmings effect on polar bears
- how about this
- ... or maybe this?
- Should we base our decisions on computer models? (section 2.2.2)
Correlation is NOT Causation!

C. What about consensus? (value of consensus?)

"The Survey 97%": what was really asked?
Follow the money: "Publish or Perish" ... and grant funding
A few expert opinions:
- Hans von Storch
- Freeman Dyson, physicist
The value of an expert?
"What on earth have a person's name, degree, academic position, and, of all things, opinions, to do with whether a thing is true or not?"
-- Dr. Hugh Nibley, Ph.D. Cal Berkley & UCLA, history
"... The whole aim of practical politics is to keep the populace alarmed (and hence clamorous to be led to safety) by an endless series of hobgoblins, most of them imaginary."
H.L. Mencken, In Defense of Women, II.13.

Extras: PBS interview of Anthony Watts

CLIMATOLOGY CHAPTERS -----> Regional Climates Reconstruction Change Warming